Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Structure and derivatives

Acid-base properties

Synthesis: via the Grignard reaction

Synthesis: ester hydrolysis

Synthesis: amide hydrolysis

Synthesis: nitrile hydrolysis

Synthesis: alcohol oxidation

Synthesis: benzylic oxidation

Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction (alpha-halogenation)

Conversion to acid chlorides

Conversion to acid bromides

Formation of acid anhydrides

Ester formation I: Fischer esterification

Ester formation II: DCC coupling

Ester formation III: from acid halides

Ester formation IV: from acid anhydrides

Amide formation I: DCC coupling

Amide formation II: from acid halides

Amide formation III: from acid anhydrides

Reduction by lithium aluminum hydride

Reduction by borane

Thermal decarboxylation